What You Need to Know

  • Key takeaway #1 Issuance of Executive Order and Rulemaking: On August 9, 2023, President Biden issued a long-anticipated “Executive Order on Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern” (the “Executive Order”). The Executive Order, which the President issued pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”), authorizes the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”), in consultation with the U.S. Department of Commerce and other relevant agencies, to establish a new and targeted national security program aimed at certain outbound investments.
  • Key takeaway #2 Opportunity to Influence Regulations: The Executive Order instructs Treasury to promulgate outbound investment regulations, and Treasury simultaneously issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“ANPRM”) seeking comments, until September 28, 2023, on such key issues as what transactions and technologies should be covered. Treasury will then publish a proposed rule soliciting additional comments before publishing a final rule. Each step provides industry a meaningful opportunity to shape the final set of regulations.
  • Key takeaway #3 No Currently Effective Restrictions: The Executive Order itself does not impose any restrictions; rather, the applicable restrictions will take effect only after Treasury publishes final regulations. Moreover, Treasury’s ANPRM notes that the final regulations will not apply to any historic “covered transactions” (though Treasury has said that it may inquire about transactions completed or agreed to after issuance of the Executive Order for purposes of developing the program).
  • Key takeaway #4 Not a “Reverse CFIUS”, but Prohibitions and Notifications: Some transactions will be outright prohibited, while others will only require a notification to Treasury, both based on the specific technologies involved. Unlike CFIUS, which applies to inbound investments in the U.S., there will not be a case-by-case review process. However, similar to CFIUS, Treasury will have the authority to nullify, void, or otherwise compel the divestment of any prohibited transaction.
  • Key takeaway #5 Third Technology-Focused Legal Regime for China: Currently, the People’s Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau) (hereinafter “China”) is the only “country of concern” targeted by the Executive Order. Treasury proposes to control a broad scope of activity related to the following technologies: (1) semiconductors and microelectronics, (2) quantum information technologies, and (3) artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The identified categories of technologies do not mirror those already controlled for China under existing U.S. export controls, or the clawback provisions of the CHIPS Act. Investors and other actors would need to review at least three separate technology-focused legal regimes to ensure compliance.
  • Key takeaway #6 U.S. Person Jurisdictional Hook: The prohibitions and notification requirements will apply to U.S. persons, and employ a similar definition to that used in U.S. economic sanctions. In addition, based on Treasury’s ANPRM, U.S. persons will have certain obligations with respect to non-U.S. entities that they control and in certain scenarios where U.S. persons knowingly direct transactions by non-U.S. persons.
  • Key takeaway #7 Potential Exceptions and an Exemption: Treasury has proposed various carveouts or exceptions for specific types of transactions, such as investments into publicly-traded securities or into exchange-traded funds, as well as a case-by-case “national interest exemption” for otherwise prohibited transactions.

Proposed U.S. Outbound Investment Regulations

The Outbound Investment Program will be implemented through regulations issued by Treasury that will require notification for, or will otherwise prohibit U.S. persons from undertaking, certain transactions involving “covered national security products or technologies” and entities connected to a “country of concern.” Accordingly – concurrent with the Executive Order – Treasury released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that provides some potential definitions of these terms, but the exact definitions and the details of the regulations will be developed through public notice and comment that concludes on September 28, 2023. Treasury also published a Fact Sheet that provides additional information on the proposed details and scope of the outbound investment prohibitions and notification requirements, which will likely not be finalized until 2024 sometime after Treasury has published draft regulations and gathered another round of public comments.

Discussions on restricting outbound investment have occurred since Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) reform was implemented, and recent actions – like the investment prohibitions in the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”)’s Chinese Military Industrial Complex Companies (“CMIC”) Program, the clawback provisions from the CHIPS Act, and the expansion of controls on semiconductor exports to China in October 2022 – previewed some of the U.S. government’s top concerns. Below is a more detailed summary of the ANPRM’s proposals, including: who the regulations cover, the transaction prohibitions and notification requirements, and what technologies and products are covered.

What Transactions Do the New Controls Cover?

U.S. persons are either prohibited from engaging in, or must provide notification to Treasury of, any “covered transaction” related to a “covered foreign person” (that is not an otherwise “excepted transaction”) and that involves a “covered national security technology or product.” In the ANPRM, Treasury proposes including the following definitions and scoping in its final regulations. It seeks input on 83 questions covering a variety of topics, including these definitions of key terms, as well as the scope of covered technology and products, and the anticipated burden of compliance with the proposed regulations.

  • U.S. Person: This term includes U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents, U.S. entities and their non-U.S. branches, and any person in the United States. This definition, which mirrors the one OFAC uses for its sanctions’ programs, does not include non-U.S. subsidiaries of U.S. entities. That said, the ANPRM contemplates imposing on any U.S. person certain obligations with respect to any non-U.S. entity that the U.S. person “controls,” with “control” defined to mean ownership, directly or indirectly, of 50% or more. Also, in certain scenarios, U.S. persons would be prohibited from “knowingly directing transactions” by non-U.S. person, with “knowingly” and “directing” having their own definitions.
  • Covered Transaction: This term includes:
    • (1) Acquisition of an equity (or contingent equity) interest in a covered foreign person;
    • (2) Certain debt financing transactions that are convertible to equity;
    • (3) Greenfield investment that could result in the establishment of covered foreign person; or
    • (4) Establishment of a joint venture, wherever located, formed with a covered foreign person or could result in the establishment of a covered foreign person.
  • Covered Foreign Person:
    • This term includes any “(1) person of a country of concern that is engaged in, or… that a U.S. person knows or should know will be engaged in, an identified activity with respect to a covered national security technology or product; or (2) a person whose direct or indirect subsidiaries or branches are referenced in item (1) and which, individually or in the aggregate, comprise more than 50 percent of that person’s consolidated revenue, net income, capital expenditure, or operating expenses.” Currently, the only identified “country of concern” is China (which includes Hong Kong and Macao).
    • Moreover, the term “person of a country of concern” mean any non-U.S. person who is also (1) a citizen or permanent resident of China, (2) a Chinese entity due to incorporation or headquarters, (3) the Chinese government (including its agencies and state-owned entities), (4) or any entity owned individually or in the aggregate, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more by a person in (1)-(3). Notably, this proposed definition of “person of a country of concern” captures non-Chinese entities owned 50% or more, directly or indirectly, by one or more Chinese persons.
  • Covered National Security Technologies or Products: The table above describes the proposed technologies to be covered. Significantly, these proposed technology categories generally do not mirror those in other existing and proposed controls over activities involving China, including under the U.S. Export Administration Regulations end use/end user controls, or those proposed by Commerce to implement the CHIPS Act national security guardrails.
  • Prohibition, Notification, and Enforcement:
      • As depicted in the table above, certain more advanced semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum technologies, and AI systems will be subject to prohibitions, while certain less advanced semiconductors/microelectronics and AI systems (but not quantum technologies) will be subject to a notification requirement. Any required notification would be filed within 30 days of closing and could be filed via Treasury’s online portal.
      • If a prohibited transaction occurs, or a required notification was not filed (or was filed with material misstatements or omissions), then Treasury can impose penalties pursuant to IEEPA, the statute that is the basis for the vast majority of OFAC’s various economic sanctions programs. Currently, penalties are approximately $356,000 per violation or twice the value of the transaction, whichever is greater, and any willful activity can be referred to the U.S. Department of Justice criminal violations (which can be up to $1 million per violation, or twice the value of the transaction).
      • Treasury has the authority to nullify, void, or otherwise compel the divestment of any prohibited transaction entered into after the effective date of the final regulations.
  • Excepted and Exempted Transactions: Treasury is considering a number of exceptions and an exemption. Some of the more notable exceptions include:
      1. Publicly-traded securities, index funds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds;
      2. Certain investments made as a Limited Partner;
      3. Committed but uncalled capital investments; and
      4. Intracompany transfers of funds.

In addition, the ANPRM proposes a case-by-case exemption for any otherwise prohibited transaction that “(i) provides an extraordinary benefit to U.S. national security; or (ii) provides an extraordinary benefit to the U.S. national interest in a way that overwhelmingly outweighs relevant U.S. national security concerns.”

Now What?

Provide Feedback to Treasury

Interested members of the public have until September 28, 2023 to file comments in response to the ANPRM.

Further U.S. Government Action

Congress has debated the need for legislation concerning certain outbound investments to China since 2018. While Congress has not settled upon a legislative approach, it anticipated the current Executive Order through the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023. Signed into law by President Biden in December 2022, the Act required the Departments of Treasury and Commerce to submit reports on the establishment of an outbound investment screening mechanism and associated costs. The reports were submitted to Congress on March 7, 2023.  

The Senate recently approved the Outbound Investment Transparency Act, its own version of outbound investment screening, but this bill only includes notice requirements though across a broader range of technology sectors including satellite-based communications, network laser scanning systems, and other export-controlled technology. Whether the full Congress will pass this legislation remains unclear, but the bill may signal the industries that could be future targets of the Outbound Investment Program.

Look for Reactions from China

While the Executive Order is both long-anticipated and narrower than originally conceived, it has been “resolutely opposed” by China. On August 10, 2023, China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) characterized the Executive Order as “decoupling and chainbreaking” in the area of investment under the guise of “de-risking.” MOFCOM’s spokesperson chided the U.S. for deviating “from the market economy and principle of fair competition that the U.S. has been advocating” and that China reserves the right to take countermeasures.

In light of the Executive Order’s singular focus on China as a “country of concern” and the ongoing geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and China, it is possible China may respond with heightened scrutiny on U.S. investors or companies in China (e.g., including through its Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law or AFSL) or new restrictions. U.S. companies and investors assessing the risks of prospective investments in China should take into account not only the imminent U.S. restrictions, but also the potential for a possible Chinese reaction.

In addition to possible Chinese government action, aggrieved Chinese parties involved in current or prospective U.S. investment could sue those investors under the AFSL if such U.S. investment is terminated or withdrawn.

Look for Actions and Reactions from Other Governments

Although outbound investment review regimes have historically been limited to only a few economies (e.g., Republic of Korea, Japan, China, and Chinese Taipei) and differ among these, there is active consideration outside the U.S. of potential restrictions on outbound investments in strategic technology with military capabilities. The European Commission is examining the issue in 2023 and European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen has spoken in favor of the establishment of a targeted outbound investment regime.    

Passage of CFIUS reform in 2018 led the U.S. to work with its allies to strengthen their investment review regimes to better address national security concerns. Investors will want to consider whether this Executive Order may lead to similar consideration of targeted outbound investment reviews in the European Union and elsewhere.  

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Photo of Caroline Brown Caroline Brown

Caroline E. Brown is a partner in Crowell & Moring’s Washington, D.C. office and a member of the firm’s White Collar & Regulatory Enforcement and International Trade groups and the steering committee of the firm’s National Security Practice. She provides strategic advice to…

Caroline E. Brown is a partner in Crowell & Moring’s Washington, D.C. office and a member of the firm’s White Collar & Regulatory Enforcement and International Trade groups and the steering committee of the firm’s National Security Practice. She provides strategic advice to clients on national security matters, including anti-money laundering (AML) and economic sanctions compliance and enforcement challenges, investigations, and cross border transactions, including review by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) and the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. Telecommunications Services Sector (Team Telecom).

Caroline brings over a decade of experience as a national security attorney at the U.S. Departments of Justice and the Treasury. At the U.S. Department of Justice’s National Security Division, she worked on counterespionage, cybersecurity, and counterterrorism matters and investigations, and gained unique insight into issues surrounding data privacy and cybersecurity. In that role, she also sat on both CFIUS and Team Telecom and made recommendations to DOJ senior leadership regarding whether to mitigate, block, or allow transactions under review by those interagency committees. She also negotiated, drafted, and reviewed mitigation agreements, monitored companies’ compliance with those agreements, and coordinated and supervised investigations of breaches of those agreements.

Photo of Jana del-Cerro Jana del-Cerro

Maria Alejandra (Jana) del-Cerro is a partner in Crowell & Moring’s Washington, D.C. office and a member of the firm’s International Trade and Government Contracts groups. She advises clients with respect to the U.S. regulation of outbound trade, including U.S. export controls. Jana

Maria Alejandra (Jana) del-Cerro is a partner in Crowell & Moring’s Washington, D.C. office and a member of the firm’s International Trade and Government Contracts groups. She advises clients with respect to the U.S. regulation of outbound trade, including U.S. export controls. Jana works with clients across a broad range of industries, from traditional aerospace and defense manufacturers and multi-national software companies, to start-ups in the technology sector, and she regularly represents them before the Departments of State, Commerce, and Treasury in responding to government inquiries, conducting internal reviews, and in compliance investigations and voluntary disclosures.

Photo of Evan Chuck Evan Chuck

Evan Chuck is a partner in the firm’s Los Angeles office and is a member of the firm’s International Trade and Corporate Groups. He leads the firm’s Asia practice and is also a director of the firm’s China office in Shanghai.

Evan has…

Evan Chuck is a partner in the firm’s Los Angeles office and is a member of the firm’s International Trade and Corporate Groups. He leads the firm’s Asia practice and is also a director of the firm’s China office in Shanghai.

Evan has more than 25 years of international trade and cross-border transactional experience. He has been a strategic advisor to Fortune 500 companies in structuring market entry, global supply chain and e-commerce strategies across the Asia-Pacific region. He has in-depth experience in China with cross-border acquisitions/dispositions, government regulatory compliance, and investigations. He advises major multinational companies on navigating the potential conflicts between and among U.S., E.U., and newly emerging Chinese law, including the Anti-foreign Sanctions Law, the PRC “Blocking Statute”, the PRC Export Control Law, Unreliable Entity List, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, and the PRC Data Security Law. He has also been representing a select group of large, multinational Chinese companies with complex U.S. transactional, tax, and regulatory issues. Evan works closely with the firm’s government affairs group and consulting group, Crowell & Moring International, to align global geo-political policy and strategy with cross-border legal advice.

Photo of Jeremy Iloulian Jeremy Iloulian

Recognized as a “Rising Star” in International Trade by Super Lawyers, Jeremy Iloulian advises clients globally on complex cross-border regulatory, compliance, investigative, and transactional matters and policy developments that touch U.S. national security, international trade, and foreign investment, including those relating to

Recognized as a “Rising Star” in International Trade by Super Lawyers, Jeremy Iloulian advises clients globally on complex cross-border regulatory, compliance, investigative, and transactional matters and policy developments that touch U.S. national security, international trade, and foreign investment, including those relating to U.S. export controls (EAR and ITAR), economic sanctions, anti-boycott laws, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), and various national security controls on fundamental research and supply chains.

Jeremy has extensive experience counseling U.S. and non-U.S. clients, including public and private companies, private equity sponsors, and nonprofits spanning a multitude of industries, including aerospace and defense, energy, entertainment, fashion, food and beverage, health care, infrastructure, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. He provides strategic guidance on managing risks for dealings in high-risk jurisdictions such as China, Russia, Venezuela, and the Middle East, among other countries and regions. He regularly advocates on behalf of such clients before the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), Bureau of Economic Affairs (BEA), Census Bureau, Department of Energy, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

Additionally, Jeremy has previously counseled on, presented on, and published research related to international environmental law, specifically the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Prior to and during law school, Jeremy interned at multiple government agencies, including the United Nations, the U.S. State Department, and the Iraqi Embassy in Washington, D.C.